TNG50 ê 模擬：一个星系團 ê 形成

探索宇宙¹！逐工會揀一幅無仝款 ê 影像抑是相片，𤆬你熟似咱這个迷人 ê 宇宙，閣有專業天文學者²為你解說³。

• 原始文章：Simulation TNG50: A Galaxy Cluster Forms
• 影片來源：IllustrisTNG Project; 視覺化：Dylan Nelson (Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics) et al. 音樂：Symphony No. 5 (Ludwig van Beethoven), via YouTube Audio Library
• 台文翻譯：An-Li Tsai (NCU)

[漢羅] TNG50 ê 模擬：一个星系團 ê 形成

星系團是按怎形成–ê？ 因為咱 ê 宇宙變化傷慢矣，咱看無。 所以這个電腦模擬做出來 ê 快速變化，會當予咱參考看覓咧。 最近有一項成果，是 ùi IllustrisTNG ê TNG50 做出來–ê，彼是一个比有名 ê Illustris 模擬 閣較厲害 ê 版本。 這支影片 第一部份是追蹤宇宙氣體（大部份是 水素）自宇宙早期到今，演化做 星系 kah 星系團 ê 過程。 影片內底用較光 ê 色彩標示運動較緊 ê 氣體。 等宇宙演化到較夠分 ê 時陣，氣體就會綴 引力井 去，紲落來星系就會形成，了後星系開始轉踅，閣來星系 kah 星系相挵 kah 合併，仝這个時間，星系中心 ê 烏洞 嘛開始形成，kā 踅伊咧行 ê 氣體用足懸速度 kā 擲出去。 影片 第二部份轉去追蹤恆星。 咱看會著一个星系團 kah 潮汐尾溜、恆星流，攏合合做一个。 較意外 ê 是，TNG50 模擬 ê 烏洞噴流，比咱 真正 ê 宇宙 閣較複雜、嘛較濟細節。 研究 氣體是按怎 tī 早期宇宙 合併，會當幫贊咱閣較了解咱 地球、太陽、太陽系 ê 源頭是按怎來–ê。

[POJ] TNG50 ê Bô͘-gí: Chi̍t ê Seng-hē-thoân ê hêng-sêng

Seng-hē-thoân sī án-ná hêng-sêng–ê? In-ūi lán ê ú-tiū piàn-hòa siuⁿ bān ah, lán khòaⁿ-bô. Só͘-í chit ê tiān-náu bô͘-gí chò–chhut-lâi ê khoài-sok pian-hō, ē-tàng hō͘ lán chham-khó khòaⁿ-māi leh. Chòe-kīn ū chi̍t hāng sêng-kó, sī ùi IllustrisTNG ê TNG50 chò–chhut-lâi–ê, he sī chi̍t ê pí ū-miâ ê Illustris bô͘-gí koh khah lī-hāi ê pán-pún. Chit ki iáⁿ-phìⁿ tē it pō͘-hūn sī tui-chong ú-tiū khì-thé (tōa-pō͘-hūn sī chúi-sò͘) chū ú-tiū chá-kî kàu-taⁿ, ián-hòa chò seng-hē kah seng-hē-thoân ê kòe-têng. Iáⁿ-phìⁿ lāi-té iōng khah kng ê sek-chhái piau-sī ūn-tōng khah kín ê khì-thé. Tán ú-tiū ián-hòa kàu khah kàu-hun ê sî-chūn, khì-thé to̍h ē tòe ín-le̍k-chíⁿ khì, sòa-lo̍h-lâi seng-hē to̍h ē hêng-sêng, liáu-āu seng-hē khai-sí tńg-se̍h, koh-lâi seng-hē kah seng-hē sio-lòng kah ha̍p-pèng, kâng chit ê sî-kan, seng-hē tiong-sim ê o͘-tōng mā khai-sí hêng-sêng, kā se̍h i leh kiâⁿ ê khì-thé iōng chiok koân sok-tō͘ kā tán–chhut-khì. Iáⁿ-phìⁿ tē jī pō͘-hūn choán khì tui-chong hêng-chhiⁿ. Lán khòaⁿ-ē-tio̍h chi̍t ê seng-hē-thoân kah tiâu-se̍k bóe-liu, hêng-chhiⁿ-liû, lóng ha̍p-ha̍p chò chi̍t ê. Khah ì-gōa ê sī, TNG50 bô͘-gí ê o͘-tōng phùn-liû, pí lán chin-chiàⁿ ê ú-tiū koh khah hop-cha̍p, mā khah chōe sè-chiat. Gián-kiù khì-thé sī án-ná tī chá-kî ú-tiū ha̍p-pèng, ē-tàng pang-chān lán koh khah liáu-kái lán Tē-kiû, Thài-iông, Thài-iông-hē ê goân-thâu sī án-ná lâi–ê.

[KIP] TNG50 ê Bôo-gí: Tsi̍t ê Sing-hē-thuân ê hîng-sîng

Sing-hē-thuân sī án-ná hîng-sîng–ê? In-uī lán ê ú-tiū piàn-huà siunn bān ah, lán khuànn-bô. Sóo-í tsit ê tiān-náu bôo-gí tsò–tshut-lâi ê khuài-sok pian-hō, ē-tàng hōo lán tsham-khó khuànn-māi leh. Tsuè-kīn ū tsi̍t hāng sîng-kó, sī uì IllustrisTNG ê TNG50 tsò–tshut-lâi–ê, he sī tsi̍t ê pí ū-miâ ê Illustris bôo-gí koh khah lī-hāi ê pán-pún. Tsit ki iánn-phìnn tē it pōo-hūn sī tui-tsong ú-tiū khì-thé (tuā-pōo-hūn sī tsuí-sòo) tsū ú-tiū tsá-kî kàu-tann, ián-huà tsò sing-hē kah sing-hē-thuân ê kuè-tîng. Iánn-phìnn lāi-té iōng khah kng ê sik-tshái piau-sī ūn-tōng khah kín ê khì-thé. Tán ú-tiū ián-huà kàu khah kàu-hun ê sî-tsūn, khì-thé to̍h ē tuè ín-li̍k-tsínn khì, suà-lo̍h-lâi sing-hē to̍h ē hîng-sîng, liáu-āu sing-hē khai-sí tńg-se̍h, koh-lâi sing-hē kah sing-hē sio-lòng kah ha̍p-pìng, kâng tsit ê sî-kan, sing-hē tiong-sim ê oo-tōng mā khai-sí hîng-sîng, kā se̍h i leh kiânn ê khì-thé iōng tsiok kuân sok-tōo kā tán–tshut-khì. Iánn-phìnn tē jī pōo-hūn tsuán khì tui-tsong hîng-tshinn. Lán khuànn-ē-tio̍h tsi̍t ê sing-hē-thuân kah tiâu-si̍k bué-liu, hîng-tshinn-liû, lóng ha̍p-ha̍p tsò tsi̍t ê. Khah ì-guā ê sī, TNG50 bôo-gí ê oo-tōng phùn-liû, pí lán tsin-tsiànn ê ú-tiū koh khah hop-tsa̍p, mā khah tsuē sè-tsiat. Gián-kiù khì-thé sī án-ná tī tsá-kî ú-tiū ha̍p-pìng, ē-tàng pang-tsān lán koh khah liáu-kái lán Tē-kiû, Thài-iông, Thài-iông-hē ê guân-thâu sī án-ná lâi–ê.

[English] Simulation TNG50: A Galaxy Cluster Forms

How do clusters of galaxies form? Since our universe moves too slowly to watch, faster-moving computer simulations are created to help find out. A recent effort is TNG50 from IllustrisTNG, an upgrade of the famous Illustris Simulation. The first part of the featured video tracks cosmic gas (mostly hydrogen) as it evolves into galaxies and galaxy clusters from the early universe to today, with brighter colors marking faster moving gas. As the universe matures, gas falls into gravitational wells, galaxies forms, galaxies spin, galaxies collide and merge, all while black holes form in galaxy centers and expel surrounding gas at high speeds. The second half of the video switches to tracking stars, showing a galaxy cluster coming together complete with tidal tails and stellar streams. The outflow from black holes in TNG50 is surprisingly complex and details are being compared with our real universe. Studying how gas coalesced in the early universe helps humanity better understand how our Earth, Sun, and Solar System originally formed.

詞彙學習（漢羅/POJ/KIP/華語/English）

• 【星系團】seng-hē-thoân/sing-hē-thuân/星系團/galaxy cluster
• 【星系】seng-hē/sing-hē/星系/galaxy
• 【引力井】ín-le̍k-chíⁿ/ín-li̍k-tsínn/引力井/gravitational well
• 【潮汐尾溜】tiâu-se̍k bóe-liu/tiâu-si̍k bué-liu/潮汐尾/tidal tail
• 【恆星流】hêng-chhiⁿ-liû/hîng-tshinn-liû/恆星流/stellar stream
• 【噴流】phùn-liû/phùn-liû/噴流/outflow
• 【水素】chúi-sò͘/tsuí-sòo/氫/hydrogen
• 【烏洞】o͘-tōng/oo-tōng/黑洞/black hole
• 【TNG50】TNG gō͘-cha̍p/TNG gōo-tsa̍p/TNG50/TNG50